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Table 3. The details of selected studies

Study Participants Intervention Duration Study design Outcome Measurements of assessing
method stress
Hewett et al (2018) 63 Adults (37.2 ± 10.8 y) Bikram yoga 16 weeks A randomized P.E. 10-item Perceived Stress
22
controlled trial Scale (PSS)
Hylander et al (2017) 49 middle-aged Yin yoga 5 weeks A case-control study P.E. 4-iterm Perceived Stress
31
participants Scale (PSS-4)
Marques et al (2017) 34 women (83.16 ± 7.4 y) Chair-based Yoga 28 weeks Case-control study P.E. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
26
Maddux et al (2017) 80 students (mean age Power yoga 16 weeks Pre-post intervention P.E. 10-item Perceived Stress
25
46 y) Scale (PSS)
Park et al (2017) 51 first-year Kripalu yoga 8 weeks A randomized P.E. 21-item Depression, Anxiety
24
undergraduates controlled trial and Stress Scale (DASS-21)
Chandra et al (2017) 20 humans aged 21- to Sudarshan Kriya 30 days Case-control study P.E. Stress Determination Test
23
30-y- old yoga (SDT)
Garcia-Sesnich et al 26 people aged 18- to Kundalini Yoga 3 months Case-control study P.E. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
28
(2017) 45-y-old (Spanish version)
Hunt et al (2017) 60 undergraduate Mindfulness 4 weeks Case-control study P.E. Beck Depression Inventory
32
students training; Pre-post intervention (BDI)
Yoga alone Spielberger State/Trait
Anxiety Inventory
Peterson et al (2017) 142 individuals Multicomponent 6 weeks Pre-post intervention P.E. 10-item Perceived Stress
27
(43 ± 13.90 y) Breath-Based Yoga Scale (PSS)
Harkess et al (2016) 84 middle-aged women Yoga class 2 months A case-control trial P.E. Kessler Psychological
29
Distress Scale (K10);
Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
Lindahl et al (2016) 8 participants 60-min Hatha yoga 7 weeks Pre-post intervention P.E. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
1
(66.5 ± 0.3 y) sessions
Bilderbeck et al (2015) 55 participants Yoga course 10 weeks Pre-post intervention P.E. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS)
11
(prisoners)
Note: P.E.= Positive Effect; N.E.= Negative Effect; N/L= No effect or Lack of evidence
randomized or nonrandomized. Stress was measured by The association between age and yoga effect was under
perceived stress scale (PSS) in all of the studies. Studies either investigation. Stress management interventions were highly
use 4-item or 10-item of PSS. Additional scales such as Beck regarded by first-year college students and demonstrated
Depression Inventory (BDI), Depression, Anxiety and dominant effects by Park et al. The yoga-based intervention
24
19
Stress Scale (DASS-21), and Kessler Psychological Distress consisted of Kripalu yoga (a form of hatha yoga) was reported
20
Scale (K10) were used in these studies. as being helpful in school and at home. Power yoga was
24
21
organized in males (n = 43, age: 45.5 years [10.0]) and females
Effects of Yoga on Stress (n = 43, age: 47.1 [10.4]), and after 16 weeks’ intervention, the
Greater improvement (or decrease) in perceived stress PSS scores dropped significantly. Nevertheless, the included
25
showed significant relation to greater yoga class attendance. articles showed clues of the interaction between age and the
11
Despite the duration, length, frequency, and types of yoga function of yoga practice. A group of older women (age:
practice conducted in difference trials, positive results of 83.16 ± 7.4 years) participated chair-based yoga, consisted of
yoga were found. Baseline and postintervention characteristics an exercise class intervention which based on the essential
were measured of the 8 participants who completed Hatha philosophy of Hatha yoga and its asanas, presented differences
yoga intervention, and perceived stress levels assessed by the with a large effect size (P = .052, d = .85) in the exercise group
PSS significantly decreased after the intervention (age: 83.73 ± 6.86 years) and control group
(preintervention, 13.6 ± 1.2 versus postintervention, 8.9 ± 1.2), (age: 82.73 ± 8.46 years). In addition, the examination of
26
with a large effect size of 1.38. A 16-week Bikram yoga Kundalini Yoga (KY) after 3 months of regular practice
1
program conducted randomized control study also revealed presented statistical significance of perceived stress score
a significant decrease in perceived stress (P = .001, compared with control group in the basal measurement. 27
η = 0.173, 4.7 [95% CI: 2.1, 7.4)] at end of intervention in the The 3-day retreat program, named Shambhavi
2
p
experimental versus the control group. Sudarshan Kriya Yoga Mahamudra kriya, is a yogic practice that includes both deep
22
(SKY) including Sudarshan kriya, Bhastrika pranayama, and breathing and meditation techniques suggested that may
Yoga nidra, is believed to be a powerful rhythmic breathing represent a natural treatment for stress reduction. However,
28
technique, and proved to be a more positive alternative of it is suggested to take long-term effect of yoga intervention
“medication” for stress management in previous study. 23 into consideration. Harkess yielded that short-term yoga
29
62 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JUL/AUG 2020 VOL. 26 NO. 4 Wang—Yoga and Stress Among Healthy Adults