Page 20 - ATHM26_4

Figure 2. Heart rate recording during spontaneous Table 3. Cardiorespiratory coherence measurements during
breathing and slow breathing exercise in one selected spontaneous breathing (M1, supine) and during spontaneous
children from the experimental group exemplary for the (M2, seated) in the control group in the 8th week after beginning
cohort. of slow breathing training in the experimental group followed
by effect size through Cohen’s d.

Effect
Mean ± SD CI95% P Value Cohen’s d size
CR-Low M1 78.9 ± 19.4 -10.495 to 7.828 .6531 0.09 Small
M2 77.6 ± 17.8
CR-Med M1 13.3 ± 10.6 -5.374 to 4.465 .8001 0.05 Small
M2 12.8 ± 9.3
CR-High M1 7.7 ± 11.3 -3.991 to 7.567 .3596 0.15 Small
M2 9.5 ± 12.2
Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; CI, Confidence interval;
CR-Low, low coherence ratio; CR-Med, mean coherence ratio;
CR-High, high consistency ratio. Paired Student t test.

Table 4. Mean heart rate and HRV analysis during spontaneous breathing (M1, supine) and during slow breathing exercise (M2,
seated) in the experimental group in the 8th week after beginning of slow breathing training followed by effect size through Cohen’s d.

Mean ± SD 95% CI P Value Cohen’s d Effect size
Mean HR (bpm) M1 97.6 ± 11.5 0.7599 to 9.229 <.0001 0.45 Small
M2 102.8 ± 11.6
Mean RR (ms) M1 632.2 ± 76.7 -61.442 to -5.41 .0001 0.45 Small
M2 598 ± 74.1
SDNN (ms) M1 73.9 ± 28.9 -1.415 to 21.907 .0066 0.45 Small
M2 61.9 ± 24.1
RMSSD (ms) M1 81.2 ± 35.4 -28.609 to -2.125 .0015 0.56 Medium
M2 64.1 ± 24.7
pNN50 (%) M1 46.5 ± 15.1 0.8673 to 13.427 <.0001 0.55 Medium
M2 37.9 ± 16
SD1 (ms) M1 57.5 ± 25.1 -20.285 to -1.510 .0015 1.2 Large
M2 84.54 ± 17.5
SD2 (ms) M1 86.8 ± 33.3 -3.972 to 23.908 .0166 0.38 Small
M2 74.6 ± 29.8
LF (ms 2 ) M1 1316.1 ± 1314.2 -684.40 to 422.29 .3047 0.19 Small
M2 1082.5 ± 1095.6
HF (ms 2 ) M1 1989.3 ± 2761.9 -364.41 to 1246.6 .2437 0.24 Small
M2 1452.2 ± 1459.5
LF/HF M1 0.88 ± 0.55 -0.1291 to 0.4257 .3907 0.17 Small
M2 1.02 ± 0.99
Total power M1 4555.43 ± 4622.5 -533.29 to 3377.7 .0518 0.33 Small
M2 3270.93 ± 3000.86
ApEn M1 1.209 ± 0.11 -0.1328 to -0.04242 .0004 0.71 Medium
M2 1.284 ± 0.10
SampEnt M1 1.905 ± 0.19 -0.05897 to 0.1418 .1957 0.24 Small
M2 1.951 ± 0.188
MSE 1_5 area M1 8.056 ± 1.014 -0.2730 to 0.09135 <.0001 0.65 Medium
M2 8.676 ± 0.86
DFAα1 M1 0.818 ± 0.114 -0.1481 to -0.04419 .0001 0.83 Medium
M2 0.928 ± 0.148
SannEnt M1 2.843 ± 0.279 -0.03152 to 0.1928 .0106 0.47 Small
M2 2.713 ± 0.274
M1 8.618 ± 2.389 -0.1985 to 1.711 .0066 0.46 Small
L mean
M2 7.558 ± 2.119
M1 83.3 ± 41.4 -10.550 to 18.661 .1515 0.26 Small
L max
M2 73.2 ± 33.7
Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; CI, Confidence interval; pNN50, the percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of
duration greater than 50 ms; RMSSD, root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval; SDNN,
standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency; LF/HF, low frequency/ high frequency
ratio; nu, normalized units; ms, milliseconds; HR, heart rate; SD1, standard deviation of the instantaneous variability of the beat-to beat
heart rate; SD2, standard deviation of long-term continuous RR interval variability; ApEn, Approximate entropy; SampEnt, Sample
Entropy; MSE, Multiscale entropy; DFAα1, Detrended fluctuation analysis alpha 1 scale; ShannEnt, Shannon entropy; L mean , Mean line
of recurrence analysis; L , Maximum line of recurrence analysis; bpm, beats per minute; Paired Student t test.
max

18 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JUL/AUG 2020 VOL. 26 NO. 4 Zuanazzi Cruz—Slow Breathing Exercise on Heart Rate