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Table 5. Mean heart rate and HRV analysis during spontaneous breathing (M1, supine) and during slow breathing exercise
(M2, seated) in the control group followed by effect size through Cohen’s d.

Mean ± SD 95% CI P Value Cohen’s d Effect size
Mean HR (bpm) M1 90.9 + 11.6 -9.901 to 12.317 .0101 0.22 Small
M2 93.7 + 13.6
Mean RR (ms) M1 677.8 + 90.2 -124.88 to 105.18 .075 0.15 Small
M2 662.8 + 106.1
SDNN (ms) M1 66.9 + 22.3 -7.496 to 20.648 .8502 0.04 Small
M2 67.9 + 25.1
RMSSD (ms) M1 73.4 + 23.4 -10.788 to 13.327 .8003 0.05 Small
M2 74.7 + 25.5
pNN50 (%) M1 46.4 + 14.8 -9.104 to 5.703 .5451 0.11 Small
M2 44.7 + 15.3
SD1 (ms) M1 51.9 + 16.6 -7.645 to 9.438 .801 0.05 Small
M2 52.8 + 18.1
SD2 (ms) M1 78.7 + 27.9 -13.532 to 15.693 .868 0.03 Small
M2 79.8 + 31.4
LF (ms ) M1 1045.2 + 937.4 -391.44 to 759.53 .4164 0.15 Small
2
M2 1229.3 + 1363.7
HF (ms ) M1 1440.9 + 931.9 -385.09 to 706.98 .4488 0.14 Small
2
M2 1601.8 + 1263.7
LF/HF M1 0.76 + 0.39 -0.1899 to 0.2220 .8267 0.04 Small
M2 0.78 + 0.45
Total power M1 8030 + 9200 -1316.4 to 1573.5 .0123 0.33 Small
M2 7730 + 8700
ApEn M1 1.24 + 0.09 -0.03432 to 0.060 .4654 0.11 Small
M2 1.25 + 0.09
SampEnt M1 1.98 + 0.15 -0.1285 to 0.0262 .1814 0.32 Small
M2 1.93 + 0.16
MSE 1_5 area M1 8.23 + 0.79 -0.2417 to 0.3009 .8857 0.03 Small
M2 8.26 + 0.89
DFAα1 M1 0.79 + 0.14 -0.04391 to 0.087 .348 0.14 Small
M2 0.81 + 0.13
SannEnt M1 2.75 + 0.26 -0.1306 to 0.1319 .9918 0.26 Small
M2 2.75 + 0.27
L mean M1 7.92 + 2.18 -0.9728 to 1.349 .7579 0.08 Small
M2 8.11 + 2.53
L M1 71.5 + 34.8 -16.684 to 24.199 .6868 0.09 Small
max
M2 75.3 + 47.4
Abbreviations: SD, Standard deviation; CI, Confidence interval; pNN50, the percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a
difference of duration greater than 50 ms; RMSSD, root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in
a time interval; SDNN, standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals; LF, low frequency; HF, high frequency;
LF/HF, low frequency/ high frequency ratio; nu, normalized units; ms, milliseconds; HR, heart rate; SD1, standard deviation
of the instantaneous variability of the beat-to beat heart rate; SD2, standard deviation of long-term continuous RR interval
variability; ApEn, Approximate entropy; SampEnt, Sample Entropy; MSE, Multiscale entropy; DFAα1, Detrended fluctuation
analysis alpha 1 scale; ShannEnt, Shannon entropy; L mean , Mean line of recurrence analysis; L max , Maximum line of recurrence
analysis; bpm, beats per minute; Paired Student t test.

Zuanazzi Cruz—Slow Breathing Exercise on Heart Rate ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JUL/AUG 2020 VOL. 26 NO. 4 19