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below is considered as “good.” The Turkish validity and RESULTS
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reliability study of the scale was conducted by Ağargün et al, Age average of the students who were included in the
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and the internal consistency coefficient was reported as 0.80. study was determined as 21.77 ± 1.14. A total of 71.1% of the
students were women and 28.9% were men. While examining
Intervention the residences of the students, it was determined that 57.8%
In this study, the music to be applied to students as an were staying at state student dormitories, and 42.2% were
audial stimulus was determined as the tune Hejaz due to its staying at private dormitories. The average number of
soothing and tranquilizing effect on sleep from the night individuals in the room was 2.26 ± 1.30.
until morning according to literature. Table 1 shows the comparison of the experimental and
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Students in the experimental group (n = 20) were given control groups according to the descriptive characteristics of the
MP3 players loaded with the music therapy. They were asked students included in the study. It was determined that there was
to listen to the music therapy using supra-aural earphones no statistically significant difference between the groups in
approximately 1 hour before going to bed for 1 week. The terms of gender, age, residence of the students in the experimental
students were instructed to keep the volume of the personal and control groups, and the number of individuals in the room,
MP3 player to be used for listening to the music therapy and both groups were similar (Table 1).
below 70% and use it for 1 hour per day at most. 18,22,23 PSQI pretest mean scores of the students were determined
Before starting to listen to music, the students were as 10.25 ± 3.59 in the experimental group and 8.56 ± 2.73 in
instructed to: the control group. When comparing the PSQI pretest mean
scores of the students in the experimental and control
1. Go to a silent, quiet, and dim-lit room with optimum groups, it was determined that there was no statistically
temperature. significant difference between the groups and both groups
2. Wear casual dress or pajamas. were similar (P > .05, Table 2).
3. Lie on a comfortable couch in a comfortable lying As a result of the study, it was determined that PSQI
position. posttest mean scores of students in the experimental group
4. Close their eyes and mentally focus on the music who listened to music therapy decreased to 5.05 ± 3.03. On
rather than external factors. the other hand, PSQI posttest mean scores of the students in
5. Breathe regularly while listening to the music. the control group increased to 9.08 ± 2.91 (Figure 1). When
6. No intervention was applied to students in the control comparing the PSQI posttest mean scores of the students in
group (n = 25). They were asked to sustain their the experimental and control groups, it was determined that
normal sleeping habits. mean scores of the students in the experimental group were
lower than mean scores of the students in the control group
Data Collection and the difference between the groups was statistically
At the beginning of the study, the questionnaire prepared significant (P < .001, Table 2).
for determining the sociodemographic characteristics and
the PSQI tests were applied to students as a pretest. One week DISCUSSION
after applying the pretests, the PSQI test was applied to Musical therapy and melodies have been used in
students as posttests, and their sleep quality was evaluated. treatment of many psychological problems such as stress,
The questionnaire and the PSQI test were filled out by the depression, anxiety, anger, sorrow, insomnia, pain, and
students and delivered to the researchers. nausea for time immemorial. 11,24,25 As a result of this study, it
was determined that the tune Hejaz increased the sleep
Data Analysis quality of students as an audial stimulus.
The data were analyzed on computers using SPSS version In numerous studies conducted among different patient
15.00 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). χ analysis and a t test were and age groups for the purpose of determining the effect of
2
used for the data analysis. music on sleep, it was determined that sedative music
listened tp for approximately 3 to 10 days had positive effects
Ethical Consideration on sleep by increasing muscle relaxation, distraction from
The study was conducted by considering informed negative thoughts, personal control, and sense of
consent, autonomy, confidentiality and protection of privacy, trust. 11,12,15,24,26-29 In the study conducted by Bloch et al
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and nonmaleficence/beneficence principles. Before starting among patients with schizophrenia, they determined that the
the study, at the institution where the study was conducted, state anxiety levels and insomnia complaints of patients
the ethical committee and students who were included in the listening to music decreased. In the study conducted by Lafçı
sample were informed about the objective of the study. All and Öztunç among patients with breast cancer, the authors
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procedures performed in this study were in accordance with determined that music in relaxing tunes such as Hejaz and
the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national Zirefkend enhanced the sleep quality of patients.
research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration In the study by Hui-Ling et al, older individuals
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and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. listened to relaxing music that they preferred. At the end of

24 ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JUL/AUG 2020 VOL. 26 NO. 4 Kavurmaci—Music Therapy and Sleep Quality