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One of the groups experiencing frequently sleep Turkish scholar Farabi classified the effects of tunes on the
problems in society is university students. In studies, it is human spirit. According to this classification, the tune Hejaz
reported that students go to bed at irregular times for has an effect on sleep from the isha prayer until morning and
sleeping and do not receive enough sleep, have poor sleep enables sleeping. 18
quality, and take stimuli for keeping awake. Because the
3,4
curricula of health professions, such as these in departments Aim
of medicine, nursing, and pharmacy, are more intense and This study, a with pretest-posttest control group, was
tiring, students who study in the departments of medicine, conducted to examine the effect of music therapy on sleep
nursing, and pharmacy experience sleep problems more quality.
frequently. Individuals who do not receive enough sleep
5,6
have physical, cognitive, and affective depression. They may METHODS
also experience problems such as fatigue, weariness, attention Design and Sample
deficit, higher sensitivity toward pain, confusion, irritability, The research is a experimental clinical trial conducted as
nervousness, nonlogical thoughts, hallucinations, lack of pretest-posttest with a control group, and it was conducted
appetite, and difficulty in urinating. 7 among students studying in the nursing department at a
Nursing is a profession that has sleep needs and provides university in the east of Turkey in the spring term of the
necessary aid to individuals in meeting basic human needs. academic year of 2015–2016. The population of the study
Defined as a condition that causes a disturbance in the quality consisted of 110 nursing students. In the selection of the
and quantity of resting patterns or affects the mode of living, sample group, the following criteria were taken into
“Disturbance in sleep pattern” is an important nursing consideration. Students who met the following inclusion
diagnosis that also affects the quality of life and is involved criteria were included in the study:
among nursing diagnoses specified by the North American
Nursing Diagnosis Association. Knowing and evaluating the 1. Received a total score of 5 and higher on the PSQI.
8
sleep quality of individuals will enable nurses to prevent 2. Had no neurological/psychiatric disorders.
insomnia and other relevant problems by intervening in 3. Had no hearing problems.
problems that may appear based on sleep disorders. A nursing 4. Received no medical treatment for sleep and
theoretician expressed the function of nurses regarding sleep volunteered to participate in the study.
need as “helping the patient to sleep and rest.” 9
The research sample consisted of 50 students who met
Background these criteria. The students who were taken in the sample of
Musical sounds and melodies have been used to treat the research were numbered. The students with a single
insomnia by obtaining physiological and psychological number were included in the experimental group (n = 25)
effects since ancient times. Music therapy started to be used and the students with a double number were included in the
in the hospital environment in the first half of the control group (n = 25). Five of the students in the experimental

20th century. After Thomas Edison invented the phonograph group were excluded from the study because they disrupted
in 1877 and developed the disc recorder in 1886, the effect of listening to music.
music on patients has been examined. Music therapy
10
decreases the heart rate, body temperature, blood pressure, Instruments
and breath rate, and it relieves the body and enables falling The data were collected by using a questionnaire, which
into sleep. Music therapy increases the sleep quality of was prepared by the researchers to determine the
individuals by decreasing the circulation concentration of sociodemographic characteristics of students and the PSQI.
norepinephrine at the beginning of sleep. 11-15 Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. The PSQI is a scale that
Musical sounds and melodies have been used as a provides information about the type and severity of sleep
common method in treating diseases in many civilizations of quality and sleep disorder within the last month. In the scale
the world and especially in Turkish societies. String consisting of 24 questions, 19 questions are answered by the
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instruments were used as an important therapeutic musical person, and 5 questions are filled by the bed-mate of that
instrument in the Central Asia period for calling good spirits person. Questions answered by the person are evaluated,
and expelling bad ones. The great Islamic scholar and whereas, questions answered by the bed-mate are not.
philosopher İbn-i Sina expressed the role of music in medicine Nineteen questions answered by the person allow us to
as follows: “One of the best and the most efficient ways of evaluate 7 subscales as subjective sleep quality, sleep latency,
treatment is to increase the rational and spiritual power of sleep duration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances,
patients, encourage them for struggling with the disease better, use of sleeping medication, and daytime dysfunction. The
make their environment nice and likable, gather them together sum of the scores of 7 subscales gives the total score of the
with their loved ones, and make them listen to the best PSQI. The score of each subscale varies between 0 and 3. On
music.” In his work titled “musiki-ul-kebir,” which makes the other hand, the total PSQI score varies from 0 to 21. The
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great contributions to today’s musical therapy, the great sleep quality of individuals who have a total score of 5 and

Kavurmaci—Music Therapy and Sleep Quality ALTERNATIVE THERAPIES, JUL/AUG 2020 VOL. 26 NO. 4 23